So does its alternative, exchange or trade. Conditions of larger population, reduced mobility, and greater knowledge of plant cultivation catalyzed the true beginnings of agriculture. South of the Arkansas River and north of the Ouachita Mountains lived the Fourche Maline, a continuation of the Wister culture. Although a multitude of groups/cultures existed during this five-thousand-year span, material representations of the "Calf Creek culture" have been more thoroughly studied than other cultural complexes, perhaps due to the distinctive spear points and the people's adaptation to hot, arid landscapes. The Agricultural Villagers period marks the first time when prehistoric groups can also be linked to historically known Native societies (or "tribes"). Weaponry and hunting/processing of bison received increasing attention. In the late 1930s archeologists with the federal Work Projects Administration excavated a series of sites in the Wister Valley of southeastern Oklahoma. Settlements of this time are probably related to various subgroups of the Wichita. Although most of the routes used by the Paleo-Indians are difficult to investigate because they are now under water or deeply buried or have been destroyed by erosion and other geological … To the north of the Arkansas River existed what has been called the "Lawrence culture." They maintained an economy based on agriculture and on bison obtained on long-distance, seasonal hunts. Copyright to all of these materials is protected under United States and International law. But even the Coalesced Villagers settlements exhibited less permanency than during the preceding period. It is interesting, if not somewhat paradoxical, however, that Agricultural Beginnings may have started earlier in the west and central regions of Oklahoma than in the east where populations were greater. Visitors relish the chance to see all the incredible cultures that came together to make the state what it is today. Celebrate the ethnic pride on any given weekend by joining in at the festivals like the Czech Festival, Italian Festival, Red Earth, Tabouleh Festival, Oktoberfest celebrations and many more. Throughout much of the region nondomestic architecture (e.g., mounds) construction was discontinued, but societies of the Caddo Confederacy continued to build mounds in Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and extreme southeastern Oklahoma. Rainfall increased in the next period, called Agricultural Beginnings (circa 2,000 to 1,200 years ago, which previous scholarship placed in the Middle Prehistoric period or identified as Early Farmers and in some localities as Woodland). Schambach, Frank 2006 Tom’s Brook Culture. Of particular note in technology is an increasing use of material goods in expressing ritual and religious concepts. Replacement of many of these items by goods of European manufacture would not be common until the 1800s. From a rich history rooted in Native traditions and Western heritage to the construction of Route 66 that connected Oklahoma with immigrants and travelers, Oklahoma continues to celebrate its rich beginnings. As was the case in other regions in North America, Arkansas' Archaic Period was a long span of cultural development and innovation that transformed small-scale Paleoindian groups into the larger and more complex societies seen … However, it is likely that many more Native peoples occupied the eastern part of the state at this time. Learn more about the humble beginnings of Cushing and its neighboring towns Yale and Perkins while exploring attractions from both yesterday and today. Unlike the localized societies during the Middle Archaic, this culture showed evidence of a wide trading network outside its area, which is one of its distinguishing characteristics. Time also holds witness to declines in society brought about by environmental conditions, the appearance of new Native groups in the region, and the arrival of Europeans. Archaic Period 8000-500 BC The Archaic Period refers to the time between 8000 and 500 BC in the Native American history of Arkansas. Along the Arkansas River and its major tributaries they built a number of important mound centers including Harlan in Cherokee County, Norman in Wagoner County, and the most well known, Spiro in Le Flore County. Their presence across Oklahoma at this time is well documented despite harsh environmental conditions. Deer Creek/Bryson Paddock Sites Doaksville, Choctaw Nation Domebo Canyon, Oklahoma Some villages such as Edwards in Beckham County and Duncan in Washita County were fortified. Unexpected Wildlife Treasures in Oklahoma's State Parks, Best Brunch: Oklahoma City, Tulsa & Beyond, A Payne County Tour: Past & Present in Cushing, Perkins and Yale, Take a Stroll Through Historic Stockyards City, Top Native American Attractions in Oklahoma, Eat Your Way Through Oklahoma's Top Italian Restaurants. In the central and western parts of Oklahoma archaeologists have found no mound construction, but this does not mean that the societies necessarily lacked religious complexity. 8000 to 5000 years ago was regarded by archaeologists as a time of small, mobile, hunter-gatherer populations whose cultural differences could be explained by local environmental conditions. There, houses were made with stone-slab walls or were dug below the ground surface ("pit houses"). There is historic documentation to indicate that villages were seasonally abandoned while the occupants pursued bison herds for two to three months. Start studying Prehistoric Cultures. Horr's Island , Florida, now a gated community next to Marco Island , when excavated by Michael Russo in 1980 found an Archaic Indian village site. Archaic cultures are defined by a group of common characteristics rather than a particular time period or location; in Mesoamerica, Archaic cultures existed from approximately 8,000–2,000 bc, while some Archaic culture… Following trends that began with Dalton culture, hunting of game continued, but emphasis began to shift toward collecting edible plants. In Folsom's case, movements were very likely dictated by bison herds' distribution and migration. OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) — The long-awaited American Indian Cultural Center and Museum in Oklahoma City is getting a new name. In south-central Oklahoma other societies during Agricultural Beginnings lived in dispersed settlements, frequently on sandy terraces high above the alluvial valleys. During the time of the Hunter, Gatherers, and Traders a stable climate permitted groups to reestablish their presence in various regions. The technology of these groups was much like those of surrounding Antelope Creek settlements. Native groups continued to build and use storage facilities and constructed more permanent dwellings. The story of prehistoric peoples' occupation of Oklahoma is a lengthy journey through time, one that is expressed with increasingly complex conditions of increases in population, diversification in technology, a more productive subsistence base, greater engineering skill in building, and different and more complex social, political, and religious beliefs. Although the Hunters and Collectors remained quite mobile, they were probably less so than the more specialized hunters that had lived at the end of the ice age. Equally significant changes in political structure occurred as a result of pressure from European governments, which embodied a centralized leadership system with a governor or other singular figure in control. Within North and South America's archaeological community a heated debate concerns the Early Arrivals who first peopled the New World. Other articles where Paleo-Indian culture is discussed: Native American: Paleo-Indian cultures: Asia and North America remained connected until about 12,000 years ago. The Summers Site, in Greer County, appears to be the earliest excavated post-Altithermal archaeological site on the southwestern Great Plains. Calf Creek people subsisted during the height of an extremely arid and seasonally warm time (circa 5,000 years ago). There were other goods, however, such as metal kettles and pots, that were hammered out as arrow points, knives, and scrapers, the original shape and function being accommodated to new forms and tasks. See also: ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL ECOLOGY, OKLAHOMA ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY, PALEOENVIRONMENT, PRECONTACT AGRICULTURE, PRECONTACT HUNTING PATTERNS, PRECONTACT TRADE PATTERNS. Native peoples' settlements now became larger, more numerous, and more permanently built. Important places in this western version of Hunters, Gatherers, and Traders are the Certain Bison Kill in Beckham County, the Summers site in Greer County, and the Muncie site in Texas County. The arrival of the Kiowa, Apache, Comanche, and somewhat later, the Cheyenne and Arapaho created new societal dynamics throughout the area. These people lived in what has been called "Black Midden Mounds" and appear to have depended heavily on riverine resources. In the 1830s many Southeastern tribes and groups were moved from the Midwest and Great Plains to Oklahoma. However, it must be noted that an absence of a visual evidence of religious complexity does not necessarily mean that groups were not complex; it may mean that the people did not demonstrate religious belief in a visible way. When the period of hot, dry weather ended, people living in Oklahoma faced dramatic changes in context. The western part of Oklahoma exhibited the greatest variability in Agricultural Beginnings. Development of pottery permitted two new concepts, a more permanent, secure means of storage and a new means of preparing foods. The new technology included adoption and improvement of axes and adzes for forest clearing and framing wooden structures. Throughout the state populations are thought to have continued some type of geometric population growth along with decreasing mobility and an even greater dependence on edible plants. WHILE The ARCHAIC's However, evidence from the Packard site in Mayes County, the Quince site in Atoka County, and Billy Ross site in Haskell County point to greater use of local lithic (stone) resources, suggesting reduced mobility and a greater range of tools, including those for plant processing. Scholars generally also accepted the idea that Clovis culture was the primary pulse of early settlement. The Eastern Woodlands cultural region covers what is now eastern Canada south of the Subarctic region, the Eastern United States , along to the Gulf of Mexico . More importantly, three particularly significant technological innovations during Agricultural Beginnings set the stage for future evolutionary trajectories. In the Agricultural Villagers period technology, already highly sophisticated, expanded even more. Throughout the western one-half of Oklahoma the "Wheeler culture" people lived at a number of village sites along tributary streams of the Washita or North Fork of the Red River. What the sites lack, however, is the clear continuity and unquestionable context found with Clovis culture sites. Measles, smallpox, and diphtheria nearly destroyed some "tribes" forcing survivors to join with other groups. Occupation continued until about 350 years ago. (Bissett 2014), and, by 7300 cal b.p., Native Americans along the St. Johns River in Florida … The principal technological change lay in the use and accommodation of European goods. As in the Arkansas drainage, in the Red River drainage the Caddoan mound centers were the religious focus for surrounding hamlets and villages. The Europeans used trade to pit one Native group against another and also tried to force the Christian religion on Native people. Low numbers perhaps indicate small natural increases and a climate that encouraged people to seek more moderate conditions.
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